বৃহস্পতিবার, ২৭ জুন, ২০১৩

Antibiotics: Change route of delivery to mitigate resistance

June 26, 2013 ? New research suggests that the rapid rise of antibiotic resistance correlates with oral ingestion of antibiotics, raising the possibility that other routes of administration could reduce the spread of resistance. The manuscript appears online ahead of print in the journal Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy.

"For more than 40 years, a few doses of penicillin were enough to take care of deadly bacterial infections," says Hua Wang of the Ohio State University, Columbus, a researcher on the study. But since the 1980s, antibiotic resistance has been spreading rapidly, disabling once-powerful agents, leaving increasing numbers of patients to suffer, and even to die.

In earlier research, the investigators found a large cache of antibiotic resistance genes carried by nonpathogenic bacteria in many ready-to-consume food items. They also reported rapid development of resistant bacteria in infants who had not been exposed to antibiotics, shortly after birth, suggesting the gastrointestinal tract played a critical role in spreading resistance.

In the new research, the researchers inoculated lab mice with either Enterococcus species or Escherichia coli carrying specific resistance genes. The mice were then given tetracycline or ampicillin antibiotics, either orally, or via injection. Oral administration of antibiotics resulted in rapid rise of resistance genes as measured in the mice' feces. Resistance spread much less, and more slowly when the mice received antibiotics via injection.

The researchers also found that antibiotic resistance genes were not detectable in mice that had not been inoculated with bacteria containing antibiotic resistance genes, regardless of the route of antibiotic administration.

The human death toll from resistance, Wang says, is much higher than the 90,000 figure provided by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. The difference is due to the fact that bacterial infection is often the direct cause of death in many patients with chronic diseases, such as HIV/AIDS and cancer.

Besides resistance, recent work has shown that the use of oral antibiotics can reduce the diversity of the gut flora. Abnormalities of the gut flora are associated with multiple non-infectious diseases, including several autoimmune diseases and type II diabetes, according to Jeremy Nicholson of Imperial College, London, UK. Thus, alternatives to oral administration could likely mitigate these kinds of problems, as well.

Convenient alternatives to oral antibiotics might include transdermal administration via a patch, or other devices, says Wang.

Wang suggests that it should not be surprising that oral administration would abet the spread of resistance genes, since this route, unlike injection, directly exposes the humongous population of gastrointestinal bacteria to antibiotics. The resulting resistant microbes then get transmitted to the environment via the feces. From there, bacteria containing resistance genes once again gain entry to the food supply, via livestock, or via produce that has been exposed to manure from industrial livestock, as well as contaminated waste and soil, in a vicious cycle.

"Revealing this key risk factor is exciting because we have options other than oral administration, including convenient ones, for giving antibiotics," says Wang.

Source: http://feeds.sciencedaily.com/~r/sciencedaily/top_news/~3/pxk52x3hvKw/130626162818.htm

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শনিবার, ২২ জুন, ২০১৩

Alzheimer's disease protein controls movement in mice

June 21, 2013 ? Researchers in Berlin and Munich, Germany and Oxford, United Kingdom, have revealed that a protein well known for its role in Alzheimer's disease controls spindle development in muscle and leads to impaired movement in mice when the protein is absent or treated with inhibitors. The results, which are published in The EMBO Journal, suggest that drugs under development to target the beta-secretase-1 protein, which may be potential treatments for Alzheimer's disease, might produce unwanted side effects related to defective movement.

Alzheimer's disease is the most common form of dementia found in older adults. The World Health Organization estimates that approximately 18 million people worldwide have Alzheimer's disease. The number of people affected by the disease may increase to 34 million by 2025. Scientists know that the protein beta-secretase-1 or Bace1, a protease enzyme that breaks down proteins into smaller molecules, is involved in Alzheimer's disease. Bace1 cleaves the amyloid precursor protein and generates the damaging Abeta peptides that accumulate as plaques in the brain leading to disease. Now scientists have revealed in more detail how Bace1 works.

"Our results show that mice that lack Bace1 proteins or are treated with inhibitors of the enzyme have difficulties in coordination and walking and also show reduced muscle strength," remarked Carmen Birchmeier, one of the authors of the paper, Professor at the Max-Delbr?ck-Center for Molecular Medicine in Berlin, Germany, and an EMBO Member. "In addition, we were able to show that the combined activities of Bace1 and another protein, neuregulin-1 or Nrg1, are needed to sustain the muscle spindles in mice and to maintain motor coordination."

Muscle spindles are sensory organs that are found throughout the muscles of vertebrates. They are able to detect how muscles stretch and convey the perception of body position to the brain. The researchers used genetic analyses, biochemical studies and interference with pharmacological inhibitors to investigate how Bace1 works in mice. "If the signal strength of a specific form of neuregulin-1 known as IgNrg1 is gradually reduced, increasingly severe defects in the formation and maturation of muscle spindles are observed in mice. Furthermore, it appears that Bace1 is required for full IgNrg1 activity. The graded loss of IgNrg1 activity results in the animals having increasing difficulties with movement and coordination," says Cyril Cheret, the first author of the work.

Drug developers are interested in stopping the Bace1 protein in its tracks because it represents a promising route to treat Alzheimer's disease. If the protein were inhibited, it would interfere with the generation of the smaller damaging proteins that accumulate in the brain as amyloid plaques and would therefore provide some level of protection from the effects of the disease. "Our data indicate that one unwanted side effect of the long-term inhibition of Bace1 might be the disruption of muscle spindle formation and impairment of movement. This finding is relevant to scientists looking for ways to develop drugs that target the Bace1 protein and should be considered," says Birchmeier. Several Bace1 inhibitors are currently being tested in phase II and phase III clinical trials for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease.

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Story Source:

The above story is reprinted from materials provided by European Molecular Biology Organization, via EurekAlert!, a service of AAAS.

Note: Materials may be edited for content and length. For further information, please contact the source cited above.


Journal Reference:

  1. Cyril Cheret, Michael Willem, Florence R Fricker, Hagen Wende, Annika Wulf-Goldenberg, Sabina Tahirovic, Klaus-Armin Nave, Paul Saftig, Christian Haass, Alistair N Garratt, David L Bennett, Carmen Birchmeier. Bace1 and Neuregulin-1 cooperate to control formation and maintenance of muscle spindles. The EMBO Journal, 2013; DOI: 10.1038/emboj.2013.146

Note: If no author is given, the source is cited instead.

Source: http://feeds.sciencedaily.com/~r/sciencedaily/top_news/top_health/~3/sHLWL8aBr_0/130621132645.htm

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Samsung ATIV Book 9 Plus and ATIV Book 9 Lite hands-on (video)

DNP Samsung ATIV Book 9 Plus and ATIV Book 9 Lite handson

Samsung's long since decided to rebrand its Series 9 series as ATIV Book 9, but it's only now that it's got some new Ultrabooks to show off. While the ATIV Book 7 unfortunately jumped the Haswell gun, the higher-end ATIV Book 9 Plus is happy to benefit from those impressive battery savings we've already seen from Intel's next-generation chips. In fact, Samsung is promising 12 hours of usage -- and that's despite the Plus model arriving with an eye-watering 13.3-inch, 3,200 x 1,800 qHD+ display. In addition, there's up to 256GB SSD storage and 8GB of RAM, two USB 3.0 ports and mini-VGA and micro-HDMI sockets. The screen is protected by a layer of Gorilla Glass and, alongside adding touch functionality since the previous Series 9 Ultrabook, Samsung has crafted a new hinge for its latest flagship, offering two stop-points. Moving the screen through to a standard 105- to 110-degree pitch, the screen strongly resists. Better still, there's really not that much give as we tapped our way through Windows 8. However, give it more of a sustained push, and the screen bends down to a flat 180-degree position, making it easier to show the screen around a table.

It's joined by the humbler Book 9 Lite, with a lower (though unspecified) price. Powered by an unnamed 1.4GHz quad-core processor and housing up to a 256GB SSD drive, it promises a cold-boot time of eight seconds, or two seconds from sleep. It's the same size screen (13.3 inches) as the Plus model, but resolution drops down to 1,366 x 768 -- a noticeable difference when you observe the two side by side. Turn them off, however, and the interiors of the two machines are so similar that even the most hardened Samsung exec might be fooled (excepting for that Intel sticker on the high-end model). On the outside, though, the systems remain noticeably different. The Book 9 Plus gets a moody, matte finish to its aluminum unibody, while the Book 9 Lite has a glossy plastic surface. The cheaper Lite model reminds us of the finish on Samsung's Galaxy smartphone series, but it'd be great to see Samsung bring this other, cooler finish to more products. Both Ultrabooks are expected to land in the US (and elsewhere) in time for back-to-school season. Check out the gallery below, and follow past the break for more impressions.

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Source: http://feeds.engadget.com/~r/weblogsinc/engadget/~3/AUOSotOL2dM/

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Food & Drink Blog ? Delicious California Chicken

This is a quick chicken recipe that has unusual combination of tomatoes and avocados. You can also add a dash of garlic and juice of a lime for an innovative twist in the flavour of the dish!

Ingredients:

Boneless, skinless chicken breasts ? 4

Olive oil ? 1 tsp

Onion Powder ? ? tsp

Salt ? a pinch

Freshly ground black pepper ? 1 pinch

Avocados (peeled, pitted & sliced) ? 2

Monterey Jack Cheese (cut to thin slices) ? 1 packet or 8 ounces

Delicious California Chicken

Method of preparation:

1. Preheat your oven to 175?C or 350? F.

2. In a skillet, heat oil and then add the chicken and onion powder. Cook for 15 minutes or till the chicken is brown on both sides. You can also check whether the chicken is done by cutting a small portion.

3. Add salt and pepper to the chicken.

4. Spread a cookie sheet and place the chicken and keep 2 slices of tomato and 2 slices of cheese over each chicken breast.

5. Keep it in oven for about 15 minutes or till the cheese melts.

6. Remove the chicken from oven and place few slices of avocados on each of the chicken breasts.

7. Now serve the chicken breasts piping hot.

Source: http://www.foodanddrinkbuzz.com/top-dishes/delicious-california-chicken.html

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শুক্রবার, ২১ জুন, ২০১৩

Murkowski becomes third GOP senator to support same-sex marriage

Alaska Republican Sen. Lisa Murkowski (Chip Somodevilla/Getty Images)

Alaska Republican Sen. Lisa Murkowski said Wednesday that she now supports allowing same-sex couples to legally marry, becoming the third U.S. senator in her party to change positions on the issue.

"Countless Alaskans and Americans want to give themselves to one another and create a home together. I support marriage equality and support the government getting out of the way to let that happen," Murkowski said in a statement Wednesday after announcing her new position during a radio interview with NBC's affiliate station in Alaska.

In her statement, Murkowski acknowledged her prior support for a constitutional amendment in 1998 that defined marriage between a man and a woman, but, borrowing an expression from President Barack Obama, she said her "thinking has evolved as America has witnessed a clear culture shift."

Murkowski added that although she's officially switching her position, she still would not support legislation that would force private religious organizations to perform or recognize same-sex marriages.

"While my support for same-sex civil marriage is something I believe in, I am equally committed to guaranteeing that religious freedoms remain inviolate, so that churches and other religious institutions can continue to determine and practice their own definition of marriage," she said.

Earlier this year, Sens. Rob Portman of Ohio and Mark Kirk of Illinois became the first sitting senators in the Republican Party to support extending marriage to same-sex couples. Only three sitting Senate Democrats, Sens. Joe Manchin of West Virginia, Mark Pryor of Arkansas and Mary Landrieu of Louisiana still oppose it.

The Supreme Court is poised to address the constitutionality of a same-sex marriage ban in California and the Defense of Marriage Act in the coming weeks.

Not too long ago, I had the honor of nominating an Alaskan family as ?Angels in Adoption,? a celebration of the selflessness shown by foster care families and those who adopt children. They arrived in Washington, DC, a military family who had opened their doors to not one child but four siblings to make sure that these sisters and brother had the simplest gift you can give a child: a home together. We had lunch together, and they shared their stories with me. All the while, the children politely ate lunch and giggled as content youngsters do. Given my daily hectic Senate schedule, it?s not often that I get to sit down with such a happy family during a workday ? and I think of them often, as everything our nation should encourage.

I bring them up because the partners were two women who had first made the decision to open their home to provide foster care to the eldest child in 2007. Years later ? and after a deployment abroad with the Alaska National Guard for one of them ? they embraced the joy and sacrifice of four adopted children living under the same roof, with smiles, laughter, movie nights, parent-teacher conferences and runny noses.

Yet despite signing up and volunteering to give themselves fully to these four adorable children, our government does not meet this family halfway and allow them to be legally recognized as spouses. After their years of sleepless nights, afterschool pickups and birthday cakes, if one of them gets sick or injured and needs critical care, the other would not be allowed to visit them in the emergency room ? and the children could possibly be taken away from the healthy partner. They do not get considered for household health care benefit coverage like spouses nationwide. This first-class Alaskan family still lives a second-class existence.

The Supreme Court is set to make a pair of decisions on the topic of marriage equality shortly, and the national conversation on this issue is picking back up. This is a significant moment for our nation when it comes to rethinking our society?s priorities and the role of government in Americans? private lives and decisions, so I want to be absolutely clear with Alaskans. I am a life-long Republican because I believe in promoting freedom and limiting the reach of government. When government does act, I believe it should encourage family values. I support the right of all Americans to marry the person they love and choose because I believe doing so promotes both values: it keeps politicians out of the most private and personal aspects of peoples? lives ? while also encouraging more families to form and more adults to make a lifetime commitment to one another. While my support for same sex civil marriage is something I believe in, I am equally committed to guaranteeing that religious freedoms remain inviolate, so that churches and other religious institutions can continue to determine and practice their own definition of marriage.

With the notion of marriage ? an exclusive, emotional, binding ?til death do you part? tie ? becoming more and more an exception to the rule given a rise in cohabitation and high rates of divorce, why should the federal government be telling adults who love one another that they cannot get married, simply because they happen to be gay? I believe when there are so many forces pulling our society apart, we need more commitment to marriage, not less.

This thinking is consistent with what I hear from more and more Alaskans especially our younger generations. Like the majority of Alaskans, I supported a constitutional amendment in 1998 defining marriage as only between a man and a woman, but my thinking has evolved as America has witnessed a clear cultural shift. Fifteen years after that vote, I find that when one looks closer at the issue, you quickly realize that same sex unions or civil marriages are consistent with the independent mindset of our state ? and they deserve a hands-off approach from our federal policies.

First, this is a personal liberty issue and has to do with the most important personal decision that any human makes. I believe that, as Americans, our freedoms come from God and not government, and include the rights enumerated in the Declaration of Independence: life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness. What could be more important to the pursuit of happiness than the right to choose your spouse without asking a Washington politician for permission? If there is one belief that unifies most Alaskans ? our true north ? it is less government and more freedom. We don?t want the government in our pockets or our bedrooms; we certainly don?t need it in our families.

Secondly, civil marriage also touches the foundation of our national culture: safe, healthy families and robust community life. In so many ways, sound families are the foundation of our society. Any efforts or opportunity to expand the civil bonds and rights to anyone that wants to build a stable, happy household should be promoted.

Thirdly, by focusing on civil marriage -- but also reserving to religious institutions the right to define marriage as they see fit -- this approach respects religious liberty by stopping at the church door. As a Catholic, I see marriage as a valued sacrament that exists exclusively between a man and a woman. Other faiths and belief systems feel differently about this issue ? and they have every right to. Churches must be allowed to define marriage and conduct ceremonies according to their rules, but the government should not tell people who they have a right to marry through a civil ceremony.

I recently read an interview where Ronald Reagan?s daughter said that she believes he would have supported same-sex marriage, that he would think ?What difference does it make to anybody else?s life? I also think because he wanted government out of peoples? lives, he would not understand the intrusion of government banning such a thing. This is not what he would have thought government should be doing.?

Like Reagan, Alaskans believe that government works best when it gets out of the way. Countless Alaskans and Americans want to give themselves to one another and create a home together. I support marriage equality and support the government getting out of the way to let that happen.

Source: http://news.yahoo.com/blogs/ticket/murkowski-becomes-third-gop-senator-support-same-sex-151500874.html

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Getting To Know the 2013 Washington Redskins: Jarvis Jenkins

A look back at Defensive End Jarvis Jenkins in his 2012 season and a look at what is to come in 2013.

Jarvis Jenkins, 6?4", 315 lb

Clemson, Defensive End

3rd year in the league and with the Redskins

Twitter handle: @Jarvis99jenkins

Key Career Stats

Missed all of 2011 due to injury.

2012 Stats: 25 Tackles, 0 Sacks, 0 Forced Fumbles

2012 Highlight: Jarvis Jenkins had the tough job of filling in for Adam Carriker last season after he tore his right quadriceps in week 2 and missed the rest of the season. Jenkins was a good replacement overall. He was an effective run stopper last season, which was a strength for the Redskins defense that could not stop the pass.

2012 Lowlight: While Jenkins was an effective defensive end, the lack of pass rush early in the season was in part because of Jenkins?s ineffectiveness as a pass rusher. When Carriker and Orakpo were hurt week 2, the pass rush struggled with Jenkins taking over at defensive end and Rob Jackson/Lorenzo Alexander taking over at outside linebacker. The outside linebackers are important in the 3-4 scheme to create pressure on the opposing quarterbacks (and collect the sacks), but Jenkins lack of sacks shows he was not an effective pass rusher. Defensive Ends in a 3-4 scheme do not usually have a plethora of sacks, but 0 sacks is not good at all.

What is coming in 2013: After missing all of the 2011 regular season, Jenkins has a full season of football experience under his belt. While Jenkins was not effective when the defense was rushing the passer last season, he will likely improve during the 2013 campaign. Jenkins is an extremely talented 2nd round pick from the 2011 draft and I think he will develop into a force of a defensive end. Hopefully it will start during his second full season in the NFL. While many expect Carriker to resume as the starting defensive end this season, his injuries and high salary cap number could cause him to be released by the Redskins. If that is the case, Jenkins will be the guy to start in his place. And if we are going to win the NFC east next year, Jenkins will need to step up his game in the pass rush.

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Source: http://www.hogshaven.com/2013/6/19/4443466/getting-to-know-the-2013-washington-redskins-jarvis-jenkins

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Zynga Acquires Casino Gaming Vets Spooky Cool Labs - AllThingsD

whatsupzynga1-featureZynga announced on Wednesday it had acquired Spooky Cool Labs, a Chicago, Ill.-based gaming studio focused heavily on real-money gaming titles.

?We have a legacy in social casino franchises with Zynga Poker, and we believe that free-to-play social casino games for the Web and on mobile have the potential to reach and connect a much broader audience,? Zynga?s chief revenue officer Barry Cottle said in a company blog post.

?Spooky Cool Labs is the right team to help us bring the feeling of being on a casino floor and the thrill of hitting a big jackpot right to players wherever they play,? he said.

Terms of the deal, which was first noted by TechCrunch, weren?t disclosed.

As Zynga has signalled for some time, real-money titles are a big bet for the company?s future. It recently launched two of its first real-money games in the United Kingdom, ZyngaPlusPoker and ZyngaPlusCasino. This was the fruit of Zynga?s partnership with bWin, a major operator that has licenses to operate online real-money gaming websites in multiple countries across Europe.

But real-money gaming is still nascent for Zynga, especially due to restrictions on online gambling in the United States, one of Zynga?s key markets. The company hopes to eventually release real-money games in the U.S., but necessary legislation and lobbying efforts could take at least a year or more before Zynga sees any progress.

The acquisition also comes on the heels of a large round of layoffs ? approximately 18 percent of Zynga?s workforce ? in an effort to reduce costs and restructure the business toward mobile.

Spooky Cool Labs will stay based in Chicago, and founder Joe Kamikow will also continue leading game design for Aristocrat Leisure Limited, a major slot machine company based in Australia.

Source: http://allthingsd.com/20130619/zynga-acquires-casino-gaming-vets-spooky-cool-labs/

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